We believe the family Chrysomelidae (“leaf beetles”) is a veritable gold mine in this respect in that it is composed of taxa (subfamilies and tribes) with uneven levels of species diversity and wildly contrasting patterns of maternal investment and offspring feeding behavior. Ultimately, all Chrysomelidae are dependent upon plants, both gymnosperms and angiosperms, and within the latter, both monocots and dicots. We seek to integrate both botanical and entomological data to better understand the radiations of tropical leaf beetles, how their diversity has been affected by host plant traits and the role of innovations in larval trophic habits and defensive measures. Employing the comparative method to approach these questions requires assembling a robust phylogeny and gathering of life history information for a surprisingly large number of incompletely studied and described tropical beetle species.

Depending on which tribe of Cassidinae one is considering, trophic habits may be constrained or expansive. For example, those Cassidinae species which feed on exposed, second-growth vegetation tend to be associated with a small number (five to eight) of host plant families of dicotyledenous plants (morning glories, borages, asters, etc). The same is also approximately true for species feeding cryptically in semi-concealed habitats on undergrowth and forest vegetation including mainly monocotyledenous plants (gingers, palms, etc). Interesting and inexplicably, the diets of internally feeding, leaf-mining species differ in that they appear to have colonized a much broader sample of available host plant families, both Monocotylenonae and Dicotyledonae. We now ask whether these patterns are due to differences in the ages of the respective groups or are due to other factors governing the expansion of feeding habits.

Rice (Oryza sativa) was presumably introduced to Panama and other parts of the Americas from Africa and Asia centuries ago. Not until recently, however, have we taken note that this important exotic plant has become a favorite host of one species of cassidine beetle. Indigenous and other subsistence farmers growing rice in the eastern Province of Darien lose a considerable fraction of their crops to Oediopalpa guerini, a small, shiny blue-bodied beetle known to occur on other native and introduced grasses. Unlike the eggs of other Cassidinae in Panama, they are everywhere attacked by minute wasps in the family Trichogrammatidae, a group of parasitoids widely used across the world in biocontrol. In this particular case, however, our observations indicate the tendency of the ovipositing beetle to stack eggs one upon another limits the loss of eggs to a maximum of 40-50% and hence poses a limit on how successful biocontrol efforts might be. As a result, other means of naturally controlling this beetle in Panama must be investigated.

Beetles in the family Orsodacnidae are potent herbivores on many species of cycads in the Americas. Adults emerge at the beginning of each rainy season and proceed to inflict high levels of leaf damage over a very short period of time. These beetles are particularly enigmatic in that they do not fit easily into existing leaf beetle families and hence are relegated to their own species-poor family with uncertain evolutionary relationships to other families. Beetle fossils taken from Jurassic sediments of Kazakhstan and China suggest to some that the family may date back largely unchanged to the early and mid Mesozoic, a time when early gymnosperms and cycads were abundant and diverse. The complete life cycle of Neotropical Orsodacnidae remains an enduring mystery. We study this group to know whether their relationship with cycads is more intricate than a brief but intense period of herbivory would indicate.

By observing the behavior and natural history of many types of group-living tropical wasps, looking especially at the interactions of individuals within groups, you can see what has likely been central to their diversification and specialization as social animals.

Social competition (social selection), whether for mates (Darwinian sexual selection) or for other resources (e.g. among female wasps) leads to the evolution of extreme signals of rank and to social hierarchy and stratification. I am studying evidence that this has affected access to food during human evolution, and helped to define certain aspects of human body shape and the obesity epidemic.

Starting with principles outlined in a book (West-Eberhard 2003) on Developmental Plasticity and Evolution, I am evaluating a recent hypothesis regarding the fetal effects of maternal nutrition on the adult phenotype, in relation to obesity and associated chronic diseases (e.g. type-2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease).

A 'natural' disaster does more to interest decision-makers in science than any number of publications. After devastating floods on Panama's Caribbean coast, in the port city of Colón, people began to ask if it had been a good idea to destroy the mangroves and landfill its estuaries. Disasters underscore the importance of the research on tropical coastal ecosystems at Galeta and educating the citizens.

It is hard for conservation and development to coexist. However, the case of the Panama Canal Watershed proves it can be done. This small watershed, only 3,300 square kilometers, provides fresh water in astronomical quantities so the canal can move over 14,000 ships yearly between the Atlantic and Pacific. It also provides hundreds of millions of gallons of high-quality water daily for eight aqueducts that supply 80 percent of the country’s urban population and industry. The canal’s economic success and the quickly expanding economy of canal-connected activities are placing great pressure on the watershed’s and particularly on the coastal habitats on both entrances of the waterway. The health of the canal watershed is not up for discussion. The future of Panama’s economy and the health of 80 percent of the population and industry depends on protecting the forests of the Chagres river basin and Panama’s coastal ecosystems.

Life leads you in unexpected turns. By the 1990s, the Smithsonian had been in Panama more than 80 years but Panamanians knew little about STRI or what it did. In 1995, the director of Épocas, a local historical and cultural review, asked me to write four articles on how STRI came to Panama. These articles well received — especially local teachers who had no resources on the history of the early naturalists who visited the Isthmus— so Épocas asked to keep up the monthly articles. By 2017, I’d written 250 articles. It’s been fascinating to learn about these men and women (not uncommon in the sciences in the 19th century but often overlooked); this quest of these pioneers led me beyond Panama to Central America, Mexico and South America. These articles can be accessed via SRO, Smithsonian Research on Line.

Making Smithsonian science relevant in Panama has been a challenge. For much of its history, the Smithsonian was confined to Barro Colorado Island in Gatún Lake in the U.S.-run Panama Canal Zone — a bubble within a bubble. Visiors needed not learn Spanish.

When I came to STRI in the 1990s, few Panamanians knew what the institute did. Bridges had to be built. One, providing schoolteachers with resources such as the history of natural history articles; they were published in books and are now used by school teachers. When I came to Galeta, on finding that teachers hardly knew anything on corals, mangroves, sea grasses or the creatures that live there, in 2007, we started a two-week intensive teacher training course on tropical coastal habitats. We take in 40 school teachers yearly. So far, more than 450 teachers from all over Panama have graduated from this program. This is an effort that joins forces of the Ministry of Education, STRI and the International Community Foundation, our donor. We evaluate docents at the start and at the end of the course and the differences are stunning. They learn a lot on how to do science, in the field and the classroom, and how to make if fun. The Ministry of Education considers the Galeta course the best in Panama.

Panama’s second city, Colón, is at the Caribbean entrance to the Panama Canal and home to Latin America’s busiest ports and a massive free-trade zone. Rapidly expanding infrastructure places considerable pressure on the mangroves, reefs and seagrasses. To protect Galeta we have had to engage directly and face-to-face the companies, some of them very large. We have been able to obtain a buffer zone for the protected area around the Galeta Point Marine Lab. Companies have also provided scholarships to 60 financially limited senior college students so they can carry field work at Galeta, analyze their data, complete their thesis and graduate. Many have gone on to graduate studies.

At Galeta conservation started with our environmental education program, based on our scientific research. To save these coastal habitats teachers and students needed to know how valuable these habitats are. One needs realize almost 90 percent of the country’s population lives on the coast of both oceans or within a few kilometers. So, in 2000, we began our education program aimed at the Colón public schools. Our first guests, 60 children from Casa Esperanza, a Catholic institution working with children in situations of social risk. By 2015, over 110,000 students from all provinces and indigenous territories have participated in our education program. Now we have a growing number of schools that look to Galeta as their place to field work and learn. Dozens of students do volunteer work at the station, many go on to become guides in training, guides and later senior guides. Some earn scholarships and do their undergraduate or graduate theses at the station. In 2004 we began our public outreach program, the Charlas Smithsonian del Mes, our monthly talks by STRI researchers. These are held in town at Fort De Lesseps inside the Morgan Battery firs gun emplacements to protect the canal back in 1910. Our audience is made of nature and tourist guides, flower lovers, taxi drivers, college students, members of nongovernmental organizations, port workers and professionals.